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\begin_body
\begin_layout Title
Grammar Evaluation Results
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subtitle
June 2019 Mini Dictionaries
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
ULL Dictionaries
\end_layout
\begin_layout Author
Linas Vepstas
\end_layout
\begin_layout Date
Version of 30 June 2019
\end_layout
\begin_layout Abstract
This report presents measurements of the quality of various different dictionari
es learned from two different language-learning pipelines; one is the ULL/Koloni
n variant, the other is the Linas variant.
The ULL/Kolonin dictionaries suggest two major breakthroughs: they suggest
how the learning pipeline should be tuned, and they indicate how the pipeline
is relatively insensitive to early stages of processing.
The Linas variant results indicate that the sheer quantity of training
data has a strong impact on the quality of the learned grammars.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Abstract
This report briefly reviews the dictionaries, the algorithms used to obtain
them, and measurement results.
It is assumed that the reader has a general familiarity with the project.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Baseline Measurements
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This provides the introduction and the baseline to the algorithm, the measuremen
ts, and the results.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Introduction
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The language learning project attempts to extract symbolic grammars from
a sampling of raw text.
The general process is conceptually straight-forward:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Obtain provisional parses for a (very) large quantity of text.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Chop up up the resulting parses into individual words, with co-occurring
connectors.
That is, each word-instance in the text is associated with a set of connectors
pointing at the other words it connected to in that particular parse.
Thus, one has a word-instance, and a connector-set extracted from the parse
in the first step.
These connector-sets are variously referred to as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
disjuncts
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
germs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in related texts.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Treat connector-sets as the basis vectors in a vector space.
Thus, a word is actually a collection of (word, connector-set) pairs, with
an associated count of the number of times that particular (word, connector-set
) was seen during parsing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The vector representation allows different kinds of word-similarity judgments
to be used, and thus allows words to be clustered into classes.
These classes should be called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
grammatical classes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, as all of the members of that class behave in a grammatically-similar
fashion.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The grand-total collection of grammatical classes forms a dictionary or
a lexis or a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
grammar
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
; this dictionary is now a valid symbolic description of grammar, in that
it can be use to parse new, previously-unseen sentences, and extract their
syntactic structure, as well as some fair amount of semantic content.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The language-learning project contains two distinct implementations of the
above pipeline.
The first implementation, tightly coupled to the OpenCog AtomSpace, was
created by Linas (the author), but put on hold as various other intervening
priorities interceded.
Development of that pipeline has recently resumed.
A second implementation, termed
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
the ULL Project
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
was subsequently developed by a team lead by Anton Kolonin, including Andres
Suarez Madrigal and Alexei Glushchenko.
It is partly derived from the first implementation, but diverges in many
important ways.
In particular, it eschews the use of the AtomSpace, replacing it by a collectio
n of ad-hoc text-file data formats and Python tools.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This paper reports on early results from these two different systems.
It is structured as follows.
The first several sections review the status and datasets used by the author,
in his own pipeline.
As such, this becomes a bit like a laboratory notebook diary, making notes
of datasets in possession of the author, their names, their status, their
general characteristics.
The next section reviews some very early dictionaries that were produced
by the author.
They are highly preliminary: many important processing stages have not
been implemented, various shortcuts and hacks were applied to the stages
that do exist, and the evaluated dictionaries are just tiny.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The last section reviews the ULL datasets.
These suggest not one, but two extremely important breakthroughs for the
project.
The first is that it seems like a method for tuning the learning pipeline
has been discovered, as well as an objective measure for the fidelity of
the pipeline.
In short, it seems that there is a way of validating that, when given a
fixed grammar, the pipeline preserves the structure of that grammar, despite
the steps 2-through-5 above.
That is, it seems that steps 2 through 5, when performed with some care
and diligence, preserve the structure of a grammar, and do not wreck it,
nor do they alter it into something else.
This is still a preliminary result, and needs additional validation.
But if it holds true, it is extremely important, as it allows the quality
of the 2-through-5 pipeline to be measured and tuned.
Once tuned, the pipeline can be trusted: whatever grammar goes in, that
is the grammar that comes out.
Thus, when an unknown grammar is put in, then whatever comes out must be
correct.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A second breakthrough from the ULL datasets is that the resulting grammar
is relatively insensitive to step 1.
As long as the provisional parses have some accuracy above random chance,
then, by accumulating enough samples, the errors in the provisional parses
will cancel out.
This is as it should be in radio receivers, or any kind of statistical
sampling: The bigger the sample, the better the signal-to-noise ratio.
Although the provisional parses of step 1 are noisy and often incorrect,
they are good enough, when enough samples are collected.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several minor results worth mentioning.
From the ULL datasets, it is clear that the Project Gutenberg tests provide
an inadequate sample of modern English.
From the Linas dictionaries, its clear that large sample size really makes
a difference; the Linas dictionaries, although tiny, inadequate and hacked,
trounce the ULL datasets when measured out-of-training-set.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
One last result is worth mentioning: an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
unknown word
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
system, described below, appears to be quite effective in offering broad
coverage when new, unknown words are encountered in the test texts.
Due to Zipfian distributions and long tails, the overlap of the test-vocabulary
with the dictionary vocabulary is shockingly tiny.
Thus, an unknown-word mechanism is critical for providing reasonable coverage.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
June 2019 Restart
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Work by the author was suspended in the Fall of 2018, and was restarted
in June 2019.
This is an attempt to pick up where things got left off.
It summarizes the grammar learning dataset, the algorithms and some preliminary
results, as it stands at the moment.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The primary dataset,
\family typewriter
en_dj_cfive,
\family default
appears to be in good condition and should be usable for a good long while,
before updates are needed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The algorithms are incomplete; much work remains to be done.
Work on the core ideas, such as the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sheaf
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
idea, has not yet started in earnest, although some scaffolding has been
laid.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Existing code is sufficient to generate word-classes, word-sense disambiguation
and grammars.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
An eyeball inspection of the word-classes suggests that they are quite healthy,
but there are no automated tools to verify their quality.
The clustering seems to be able to split words into word-senses, placing
them into correct clusters.
The assignments look reasonable, when judged by eye, but there are no automated
measurements.
These last two results were previously reported in detail in the Winter
of 2017 and Spring of 2018.
This report focuses on the resulting grammars that can currently be generated,
and an automated process to measure their quality.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
To repeat: these are highly preliminary, as most of the important parts
of the grammar generation mechanism have not yet been implemented.
The results here are a sniff-test or proof-of-concept, to show that the
idea works at some minimal level.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Baseline Dataset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The baseline is the
\family typewriter
en_dj_cfive
\family default
dataset.
Let's recall how this dataset was obtained:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
All five
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
tranches
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
of the training corpora were used to obtain word-pair MI scores.
Unlike the earlier
\emph on
en_rfive
\emph default
datasets, this uses a bug-fixed tokenizer.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
All five (the same five) tranches were run through the strict-MST parser,
to obtain word-disjunct pairs.
The disjunct connectors are all single-word connectors.
The MST parser was
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
strict
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, in that it always created a tree (no loops) that always connected every
word in a sentence.
Each word-disjunct pair has an associated count, which is the number of
times it was seen during MST parsing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
That's it.
Starting with this dataset, various subsets were created:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_marg
\series default
– Keep only words with observation count>500, sections with count>10; discard
all sections that contain connectors that cannot link to anything.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_mini_marg
\series default
– Keep only words with observation count>40, sections with count>5; discard
all sections that contain connectors that cannot link to anything.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_large_marg
\series default
– Keep only words with observation count>8, sections with count>3; discard
all sections that contain connectors that cannot link to anything.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_huge_marg
\series default
– Keep only words with observation count>3, sections with count>1; discard
all sections that contain connectors that cannot link to anything.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_full_marg
\series default
– Discard all sections that contain connectors that cannot link to anything.
(todo: rename to full-marg)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Recall that each dataset can be thought of as a (very) sparse matrix.
Rows of the matrix are words; columns of the matrix are disjuncts.
Each entry in the matrix is a word-disjunct pair; it is called a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Section
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
(a SectionLink in the AtomSpace).
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The columns are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Size
\series default
– Dimensions of the matrix.
Number of words x Number of disjuncts
\emph on
.
Notation:
\emph default
\begin_inset Formula $\left|w\right|\times\left|d\right|$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Secs
\series default
– Total number of Sections.
That is, total number of word-disjunct pairs in the matrix.
\emph on
Notation:
\emph default
\begin_inset Formula $\left|\left(w,d\right)\right|$
\end_inset
(
\emph on
sometimes written as
\emph default
\begin_inset Formula $\left|\left(*,*\right)\right|$
\end_inset
).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Obs'ns
\series default
– Total number of observations of Sections.
Sum total of how many times the sections were observed.
\emph on
Notation
\emph default
:
\begin_inset Formula $N\left(*,*\right)$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Obs/sec
\series default
– The average number of observations per Section.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Sparsity
\series default
– The log (base two) of the fraction of non-zero entries in the matrix.
That is,
\begin_inset Formula $\log_{2}\left(\left|w\right|\times\left|d\right|/\left|\left(w,d\right)\right|\right)$
\end_inset
where
\begin_inset Formula $\left|\left(w,d\right)\right|$
\end_inset
is the number from the second column.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Entropy
\series default
– As usual for a matrix:
\begin_inset Formula $-\sum_{w,d}p\left(w,d\right)\log_{2}p\left(w,d\right)$
\end_inset
.
Note that the log-base-two means this is in bits.
Here,
\begin_inset Formula $\left(w,d\right)$
\end_inset
are word-disjunct pairs,
\emph on
i.e.
\emph default
sections.
The probability is actually a frequency:
\begin_inset Formula $p\left(w,d\right)=N\left(w,d\right)/N\left(*,*\right)$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
MI
\series default
– As usual for a matrix:
\begin_inset Formula $-\sum_{w,d}p\left(w,d\right)\log_{2}p\left(w,d\right)/\left(p\left(w,*\right)p\left(*,d\right)\right)$
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Note that the MI score drops as words are trimmed from the dataset.
All of those infrequently-observed words carry a lot of information, it
seems.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These are promising to be a lot cleaner, and stronger than the previous
\emph on
en_rfive
\emph default
dataset.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
Issues
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\emph on
Update 7 July 2019
\emph default
: After the above sets were created, and the data analysis was performed
below, an issue was found with the quality of the data.
When a sentence contained multiple instances of a word, the resulting disjuncts
involving that word are incorrect: they include the multiple instances,
and sometimes get the order wrong (being confused about which is which).
Thus, the datasets are polluted with bad disjuncts.
It is unclear whether this hurts the data very much.
I'm guessing it makes only a small difference, because: (1) there are few
sentences containing words with multiple instances, and (2) the counts
on these crazy-bad disjuncts are low (because they are infrequent) and
so they probably mostly do not survive the count cutoffs.
...
But some do survive; the bug was first discovered in the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
mini
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
dataset, so bad stuff did get into that.
Fixed in https://github.com/opencog/atomspace/pull/2252
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Grammars
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A grammar is obtained by clustering words into grammatical classes.
A variety of different clustering strategies and clustering parameters
were used to obtain several grammars.
See the files
\family typewriter
learn/scm/gram-agglo.scm
\family default
and
\family typewriter
learn/scm/gram-projective.scm
\family default
for details about how clustering is done.
Results are reported in multiple tables.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
First table: summary report for the first four survey sets.
The second table is like the first; it just explores more parameter settings.
These are just a rough first-cut, and are not expected to be good, for
five reasons:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
These use the cosine-distance metric (I expect the MI metric to be much
better).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Parameters are not tuned (some parameters were picked that seemed reasonable
to start with; the second table explores some tuning.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Clustering is only weakly sensitive to distinct word-senses; a quasi-linear
merge of observation counts is used.
When a word is placed into a cluster, the counts of any shared disjuncts
are transfered to the cluster.
This leaves behind a left-over word-vector, containing disjuncts that did
not fit into the cluster.
This remainder represents a second word-sense for that word; it's part
of how WSD happens
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
automatically
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
in these algorithms.
These left-over bits are either being reclustered, if possible, unless
the remaining counts are tiny, in which case they are discarded.
A more refined clustering algo would replace this quasi-linear merge with
a disjunct-by-disjunct decision, to minimize the accidental mixing of disjuncts
that should have been associated with different word-senses.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The disjunct-shapes are not being clustered (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
shapes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
are disjuncts with wild-cards in them; see elsewhere for a detailed explanation.
I expect that cluster quality will improve when shapes are included.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Link-types are being clustered badly; that is, connectors are not being
assigned properly to word-classes (
\emph on
i.e.
\emph default
the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sheaves
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
concept is not being used.) The current code over-generalizes: if it finds
a link between two words, then it automatically promotes that to a link
between all word-classes that those word belong to.
This creates linkages between word-senses that should have been kept distinct.
It also leads to a combinatoric explostion in the parser.
This desperately needs to be fixed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Solutions to all of these issues are explored in Chapter
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "chap:Info-theoretic-Improvements"
\end_inset
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All columns in the tables are obtained from the gram-class matrix report.
That is, the matrix-rows are now grammatical classes, not words.
The matrix columns are still word-disjuncts, not gram-class disjuncts (this
is partly related to the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
shapes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
problem).
A correct grammar would use gram-classes in the connectors as well.
So again – this is a rough cut.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The table is much like the above:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Size
\series default
– Number of grammatical class x Number of disjuncts.
Note that many of these classes are
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
singleton classes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, containing only one word.
See the
\series bold
WC
\series default
and
\series bold
Sing
\series default
columns for a breakout of the number of classes with one and more than
one word.
\series bold
WC+Sing
\series default
equals the total.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Secs
\series default
– Total number of Sections.
That is, total number of word-disjunct pairs in the matrix.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Obs'ns
\series default
– Total number of observations of Sections.
How many have been observed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Entropy
\series default
– As before, just using gram-classes instead of words.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
MI
\series default
– As before, just using gram-classes instead of words.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
WC
\series default
– Number of grammatical classes with two or more words in them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Sing
\series default
– Number of singleton classes – that is, classes with only one word in
them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The table below shows only the basic-baseline datasets.
There are more, which explore additional parameters.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Size
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Secs
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Obs'ns
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Entropy
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
MI
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
WC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sing
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
675 x 67K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
142K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
12.0M
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
13.75
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.03
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
135
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
540
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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en_micro_fuzz_exp
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
416 x 67K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
133K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
11.4M
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
13.23
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.62
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
124
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
292
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
en_micro_discrim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3692 x 269K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
502K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
16.6M
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
15.39
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.35
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
366
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3326
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
en_mini_fuzz_exp
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</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2468 x 269K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
499K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
15.5M
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
14.76
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.89
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
371
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2097
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
en_mini_discrim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The datasets are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_fuzz_exp
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-fuzz 0.65 0.3 4)
\family default
.
This dataset does not have LEFT-WALL linkages in it.
Created from
\family typewriter
en_micro_marg
\family default
.
Here, the parameter
\family typewriter
0.65
\family default
is the cosine-distance cutoff; vectors with a cosine distance less than
this are not clustered.
The parameter
\family typewriter
0.3
\family default
is the broadening parameter: it means that 30% of the counts of disjuncts
NOT already in the cluster are added to the cluster.
This makes the cluster boundaries
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
fuzzy
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, whence the name.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_discrim
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-discrim 0.5 4)
\family default
.
Casual observation shows the clusters are less accurate than above.
The parameter
\family typewriter
0.5
\family default
is the cosine-distance cutoff.
The broadening is not fixed; broadening is accomplished by assigning anywhere
from 0% to 100% of the non-shared disjunct counts to the cluster, varying
linearly by cosine distance (
\emph on
e.g.
\emph default
if the distance is 0.83, then (0.83-0.5)/0.5=66% of the counts will be merged).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_mini_fuzz_exp
\series default
– Just like en_micro_fuzz_exp, but with a larger vocabulary, from en_mini_marg.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_mini_discrim
\series default
– Just like en_micro_discrim, but with a larger vocabulary, from en_mini_marg.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The table below is much like that above, except that it explores a greater
range of learning parameters.
It is trying to get a sense of where the sweat spot is.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="9" columns="8">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Size
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Secs
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Obs'ns
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Entropy
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
MI
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
WC
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sing
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
680 x 67K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
143K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
13.2M
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
14.08
\end_layout
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3.95
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
136
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
544
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
en_micro_fuzzier
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
948 x 67K
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
155K
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
12.6M
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
14.23
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4.29
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
115
\end_layout
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948 x 67K
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85
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34
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57
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279 x 67K
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14.3M
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14.27
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3.65
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70
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209
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
en_micro_disinfo3
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\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The datasets are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_fuzzier
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-fuzz 0.65 0.6 4)
\family default
.
Note the fuzz parameter is 0.6 not 0.3 as before.
This means that when a words is being merged into an existing word-class,
it will merge in 60% of the non-shared disjuncts from the new word.
This will probably harm word-sense disambiguation.
However, WSD probably plays a small role, at this time.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_fizz
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-fuzz 0.75 0.3 4)
\family default
.
The fuzz parameter is the same as for en_micro-fuzz, but the discriminator
is tighter – 0.75 instead of 0.65.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_diss
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-disc rim 0.65 4)
\family default
.
Similar to en_micro_discrim, but more discriminating (0.65 instead of 0.5).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_dissier
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-disc rim 0.75 4)
\family default
.
Similar to en_micro_discrim, but more discriminating (0.75 instead of 0.5).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_dissiest
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-disc rim 0.85 4)
\family default
.
Similar to en_micro_discrim, but more discriminating (0.85 instead of 0.5).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_rediscrim
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-discrim 0.5 4)
\family default
.
These are exactly the same parameters as used for
\emph on
en_micro_discrim
\emph default
, but after fixing a bug in the algo.
The cosines were being calculated incorrectly; the denominator of the cosine
(the lengths) were not being recomputed after a merger; thus, all cosine
angles were off – maybe by a lot...
Despite this, it appears that the number of learned classes is the same
as before, ditto the singletons, and the entropy and MI are unchanged!
In fact, the matrix-summary report suggests that this dataset is identical
to
\emph on
en_micro_discrim
\emph default
, which is unexpected, as the bug seemed to be real...
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_disinfo
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-disinfo 2.0 4)
\family default
.
This uses the same projective clustering as before, but uses MI instead
of cosine for clustering decisions.
Note that an MI=2.0 is very low; this placed almost all words into some
cluster.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
en_micro_disinfo3
\series default
– Created with
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-disinfo 3.0 4)
\family default
.
As above, but higher MI cutoff.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Measurements
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There does not appear to be any good way to assess the quality of a grammar.
So instead, a trick is used that is obviously flawed, but is
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
better than nothing
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
The trick is to compare the grammar to the LG English dictionary.
That is, a sentence is parsed, once with the grammar-under-test, and once
with the LG English grammar.
The parses are compared side-by-side, looking to see if they have the same
links between words, or not.
This allows both precision and recall to be measured: A linkage is high-precisi
on, if it does not contain link that it shouldn't.
A linkage has high recall, if it contains most of the links that it should.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are obvious problems with this:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
There is no particular reason to believe that the above algorithms will
reproduce LG dictionaries.
This is a comparison of apples-to-oranges: the learned dictionaries are
obtained by apply probability theory to sparse observational data of strings
of words.
By contrast, the LG dictionary is hand-curated, by linguists applying innate,
common-sense theories of grammatical relationships.
The resulting linkages are just opinions expressed by linguists as to what
English must be like.
That there is significant overlap between statistical results and linguist
opinion is itself remarkable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The LG English dictionary is imperfect, sometimes creating incorrect parses.
Thus, it is possible that the grammar-under-test produced a better parse,
while still being scored poorly, because it failed to match LG.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
LG parses in general contain loops, i.e.
are not trees.
The grammar-under-test might also contain loops, but maybe less than LG.
Thus, the grammar-under-test will often have a low recall, simply because
of how it was built.
Using a non-strict MST at earlier stages might improve the situation.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Some links are more important than others.
It is more important to get links to subject and object correct, than it
is to get links to punctuation correct.
In particular, LG links to punctuation are rather
\emph on
ad hoc
\emph default
, especially for the end-of-sentence punctuation.
It is unlikely that the grammar-under-test will handle punctuation the
same way.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
If there is a combinatorial explosion of LG parses, then the parse-scoring
system in LG is partially blinded, and the resulting chosen parses might
not be the ones with the best scores.
It might be possible to ameliorate this with changes to LG.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Thus, due to the above concerns, the actual meaning of the scores is unclear.
Never the less, its a good starting point.
Some future version of the measurement tool will keep track of subject
and object links, and maybe other link types that are considered important.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Currently, all of the dictionaries-under-test are missing a LEFT-WALL marker.
I'm not sure why; this will be revisited later.
Thus, LEFT-WALL links are not compared, and are not a part of the evaluation
process.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The test-corpora contain many words not in the dictionary, and vice-versa:
the dictionaries contain many words not in the test-corpora.
The overlap between these two vocabularies is shockingly small (but perhaps
entirely normal – see extended commentary about Zipf's law, elsewhere).
In particular, the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
micro
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
dictionaries have only 1.6K words in them, and of these, less than a third
show up in the test corpora.
Thus, we have three testing options:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Skip the evaluation of a sentence, if it contains words that are not in
the dictionary-under-test.
The test corpora contain a lot of proper names that never appeared in the
training corpora, and this alone accounts for many of the sentence rejections.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Evaluate the sentence anyway; words not in the dictionary will be null-linked
(i.e.
have no links going to them.) Mostly all that happens is that precision
scores are mostly unaffected, while recall scores are obviously lower.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Perform unknown-word-guessing.
This is not hard to do, and ultimately is a required ability for any dictionary
usable in the real world.
The current guessing strategy is to try each unknown word with each gram-class,
and then let the parse-scoring system pick the one with the highest score.
Note that unknown-word guessing leads to a combinatoric explosion in LG,
which can cause extremely long parse-times (hours!); see notes below.
Combinatoric explosions can also result in sub-optimal choice of linkage.
The determination of the pertinence of this effect is TBD.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Two sets of dictionaries were created: with and without unknown words.
Results for both are reported below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Comparisons were performed for five different corpora.
These are also an imperfect choice, but adequate for this initial rough-cut
evaluations.
The are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
CDS
\series default
– The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Child Directed Speech
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
corpus from the ULL project.
Contains 1837 sentences uttered by parents towards children.
These have a characteristically small vocabulary, and a simple grammatical
structure.
Average length is 5 words per sentence.
This corpus consistently results in the highest scores during testing,
for all test dictionaries.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
basic
\series default
– The
\family typewriter
corpus-basic.batch
\family default
file from LG.
This contains 1000 sentences, of which 421 are intentionally ungrammatical,
leaving 579 valid English sentences.
These contain a balanced selection of a wide variety of different kinds
of English constructions; it was meant to showcase the rich variety of
different sentences that LG can handle.
(Note, however, that evolving fixes means that not all of these parse correctly
).
Most of these sentences are of short-to-medium length.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
fixes
\series default
– The
\family typewriter
corpus-fixes.batch
\family default
file from LG.
This contains 4236 sentences, illustrating fixes to the early versions
of the LG dictionary.
Although there is a wide variety of different kinds of English constructions,
it's not particularly
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
balanced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
, and the sentences tend to be short; just long enough to illustrate some
phenomenon.
Most of these sentences are of short length.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
gold
\series default
– The
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Golden Corpus
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
from the ULL project.
This contains 229 sentences.
Note that the parses provided by the ULL project are NOT used for evaluation.
The LG parses are used instead.
Most of these sentences are medium-short.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
silver
\series default
– A subset of the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Silver Corpus
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
from the ULL project.
This contains 2513 sentences, taken from three different Project Gutenberg
books:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Kilmeny of the Orchard
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
by Lucy Maud Montgomery;
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Peter Rabbit
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
by Thornton W Burgess; and a portion of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Under the Lilacs
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
by Louisa May Alcott.
Average sentence length is 12 words.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
wiki
\series default
– A concatenation of three Wikipedia articles:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Autoethnography
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Astor House Hotel (Shanghai)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
History of Virginia
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
All of these sentences are long, averaging 24 words in length.
The long sentence length can lead to combinatorial explosions in most of
the dictionaries, resulting in painfully long parse times.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All five corpora are available in the
\family typewriter
learn/run/3-gram-class/test-data
\family default
directory.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Measurements were performed with the script
\family typewriter
learn/run/3-gram-class/dict-comp.scm
\family default
specifying the dictionary to test and the corpus as
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\family typewriter
guile -s learn/run/3-gram-class/dict-comp.scm <dict-to-test> <corpus>
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The table below shows results.
The columns in the table are as follows:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Sents
\series default
– The total number of sentences in the corpus.
This repeats the number given above.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Skip
\series default
– Percentage of total sentences that were skipped, because they contained
unknown words.
(Reported only when unknown-word guessing is disabled.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Parsed
\series default
– The number of sentences that were evaluated.
Equal to number of sentences times (100% - Skip).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Diff
\series default
– The number of sentences that had parses that differed from the first
parse given by the English dictionary in Link Grammar version 5.6.1.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Words
\series default
– The total number of words in the evaluated sentences.
This varies from dictionary to dictionary, depending on whether sentences
were skipped or not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Vocab
\series default
– The size of the vocabulary in the evaluated sentences; that is, the number
of unique words.
When rejecting sentences with unknown words, this becomes the intersection
of the vocabulary of the accepted sentences and the dictionary-under-test.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
Links
\series default
– The number of links that the LG English parse generated.
This varies from dictionary to dictionary, depending on whether sentences
were skipped or not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
P
\series default
– Precision of links: TP/(TP+FP) where TP is the count of the links that
both dictionaries generated, and FP is the count of the links that the
dictionary-under-test generated, but LG did not.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
R
\series default
– Recall of the links: TP/P where TP as above, and P the total number of
links produced by the LG English parse.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\series bold
F1
\series default
– The harmonic mean of precision and recall.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Results for the
\shape italic
micro-fuzz
\shape default
dataset.
This is a tiny dataset, with only 1600 words in it; its the first shot
at anything even vaguely workable.
Not expecting good results.
But they seem passable.
Most sentences got skipped, because they contained unknown words, but the
ones that did parse seem to not be outrageous.
Notice the intersection of the test-corpus vocabulary and the dictionary
size is small – about 1/3rd of the dictionary size, or less.
That is a small vocabulary; so 2/3rds of the dictionary contains words
that are not in the test-corpus!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="11">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
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Not all link-types are created equal.
Correct links to the subject and object should be considered to be more
important, than ambient links to punctuation.
Thus, consider placing the LG link-types into four categories: important,
less important, and the others.
The categories that seemed about right were these:
\end_layout
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– the
\family typewriter
S O MV SI CV
\family default
link types – these point out the subject, object, important modifiers and
dependent clauses.
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\series bold
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\family typewriter
A A AN B C D E EA G J M MX R
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phrases.
\end_layout
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\series bold
Punctuation
\series default
– the
\family typewriter
X
\family default
link type.
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there is no particular reason to think that counting statistics will adhere
to this.
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Other
\series default
– all other link types.
Yes, they are important, but one might expect that counting statistics
might not adhere to the LG dictionary decisions.
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Glancing at this table, there is no obvious indication that the important
(primary) links are gotten correct more than the other links.
Perhaps the
\family typewriter
MV
\family default
link does not belong in the primary category?
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0.317
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158
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0.424
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\begin_inset Text
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1317
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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0.388
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880
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207
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\begin_inset Text
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1366
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0.483
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47
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-
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0.600
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
25
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\end_inset
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.385
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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1071
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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0.402
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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731
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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0.434
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
76
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.434
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
974
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Results for
\shape italic
micro-discrim
\shape default
below.
The gram classes are looser (the cutoff is lower - 0.5 instead of 0.65 as
above), and casual inspection (
\emph on
i.e.
\emph default
just reading the list of words in each) suggests that they are lower quality
(from eyeballing, it's clear that many dissimilar words are being classed
together).
This behaves in a not-too-surprising way: precision drops (more junk links
produced), while recall improves (the junk links just happen to go to the
right places).
Overall F1 score is better, which is surprising.
Same base vocab of 1600 words.
The values in the Sents, Skip, Parsed, Words, Vocab, Links columns are
unchanged, since both this and above are built on the
\shape italic
en_micro_marg
\shape default
dataset.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="11">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
micro-discrim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sents
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Skip
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Parsed
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Diff
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Words
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Vocab
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Links
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
P
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
R
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
69%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
562
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
88%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2738
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
176
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2369
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.679
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.542
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.603
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\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
579
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
86%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
82
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
666
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
209
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
646
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.595
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.412
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.487
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\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
fixes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4236
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
82%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
774
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4888
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
589
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3770
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.529
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.476
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.501
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
90%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
24
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
92%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
169
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
95
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
131
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.565
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.534
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.549
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
85%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
377
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3323
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
527
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2844
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.546
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.490
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.522
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
As before, there is no particularly obvious trend visible in the recall
of the link-types.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
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\begin_layout Standard
Results below for
\shape italic
mini-fuzz
\shape default
.
This dictionary has a much larger vocabulary: 7385 words instead of 1600
as above.
Several large differences are apparent: considerably fewer sentences get
skipped due to unknown vocabulary (but still more than half!) The mini
dictionaries contain 7385 words, and at most 1/5th of them appear in the
test corpora.
This lack of overlap is remarkable! Compared to
\emph on
micro-fuzz
\emph default
, the results are mixed.
Precision is mostly the same, sometimes lower; recall is mostly the same
or lower and F1 is mostly the same, bouncing around a bit, sometimes higher
and sometimes lower than the micro variant.
\end_layout
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
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57%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1767
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
12122
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1425
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
9748
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.540
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.399
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.459
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
72%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
64
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
100%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
449
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
228
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
343
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.504
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.362
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.421
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
62%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
943
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
9859
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1308
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
8793
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.531
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.392
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.451
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Recall of link-types:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="9">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mini-fuzz
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Primary
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
N
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Secondary
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
N
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Punct
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
N
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Other
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
N
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.503
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1524
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.480
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1022
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
-
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.450
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1103
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.320
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
640
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.364
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
544
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.344
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
32
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.443
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
648
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
fixes
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.398
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3373
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.419
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2570
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.432
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
463
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.379
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3342
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.314
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
140
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.384
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
125
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.6
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
5
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.397
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
37
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.357
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
3111
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.393
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2514
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.494
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
328
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.418
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2840
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Below for
\shape italic
mini-discrim
\shape default
.
Compared to
\emph on
mini-fuzz
\emph default
, the precision is mostly unchanged; mixed.
Recall is consistently higher, a lot higher, which brings up the F1 scores
across the board.
This is a lot like the difference between
\shape italic
micro-discrim
\shape default
and
\emph on
micro-fuzz
\emph default
.
The difference between the
\emph on
discrim
\emph default
and
\emph on
fuzz
\emph default
variants is that the
\emph on
discrim
\emph default
variant uses a sigmoid merger proceedure, instead of a fixed fraction.
The sigmoid appears to make an important quality difference.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="11">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mini-discrim
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sents
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Skip
\end_layout
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</lyxtabular>
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\begin_layout Section
Unknown word guessing
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Having tiny vocabularies is disastrous for understanding text.
Can one automate the guessing of unknown words? Of course one can! The
default LG parser has an
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
UNKNOWN-WORD
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
mechanism, whereby any word that does not appear in the dictionary is defaulted
to a collection of UNKNOWN-WORD entries, each carrying a set of associated
disjuncts.
Multiple UNKNOWN-WORD entries are allowed, in order to simplify disjunct
management; however, when they are used, they are all used, and no preference
is given for one over another.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The tactic obvious tactic to use in the current situation is to insert one
UNKNOWN-WORD marker for each grammatical class.
The effect will be that, during parsing, each unknown word will be tried
out with each gram-class.
When a parse is found, the tag on the UNKNOWN-WORD entry will indicate
which class was used.
When multiple parses are found, they are ranked according to the total
word-disjunct MI for the sentence.
The dictionaries evaluated in this section are the same ones as those above,
except that one UNKNOWN-WORD entry was added for each gram class containing
two or more members; singleton-classes were ignored.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The use of the UNKNOWN-WORD mechanism can (and does) lead to a combinatoric
explosion during parsing.
Naively, one might expect a runtime of
\begin_inset Formula $O\left(N^{k}\right)$
\end_inset
for
\begin_inset Formula $k$
\end_inset
unknown words in the sentence; here
\begin_inset Formula $N$
\end_inset
is presumably the total of all disjuncts in all candidate classes, as each
is tried against the next as a possible match.
For these dictionaries,
\begin_inset Formula $N$
\end_inset
varies from 1K to 100K, and so it seems that sentences with 3,4,5 unknown
words might take
\emph on
hours
\emph default
to parse.
Hours is really bad.
We are patient, here, but clearly, something needs to be done to avoid
the bog-down.
In practice, the actual slow-down is highly variable from dictionary to
dictionary, as a preparse-pruning stage can decimate
\begin_inset Formula $N$
\end_inset
down to a reasonable number quite effectively ...
most of the time.
However, some dictionaries choke on some sentences.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
We expect 100% of the sentences to be covered, so this is a big change from
before.
Two columns from earlier tables are omitted, since all of the test-corpus
is parsed and compared.
Since LG will run on every sentence in each test-corpus, the total number
of observed words, and the total known-vocabulary will be the same for
all of the different dictionaries-under-test.
These are reported just once, below.
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
Here are the results for
\shape italic
micro-fuzz
\shape default
, with unknown-word-guessing enabled.
Recall, the parameters were
\family typewriter
(gram-classify-greedy-fuzz 0.65 0.3 4)
\family default
.
Compared to the same dataset without guessing, the resulting precision
and recall changes erratically, sometime moving up, or down, depending
on the test corpus.
The overall F1 is unchanged or improved.
Conclusion: adding unknown-word guessing vastly improves coverage, and
also helps F1.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
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\align center
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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Diff
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
76%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.660
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.541
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0.595
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579
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98%
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.555
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.491
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<row>
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4236
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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96%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.502
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.459
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.479
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.484
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.468
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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0.476
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<row>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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100%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.492
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.445
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0.467
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</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
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\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
For
\shape italic
micro-fuzzier-unk
\shape default
: almost no difference at all from the above.
Note that both have almost exactly the same number of grammatical classes
(135
\emph on
vs.
\emph default
136) and so unknown-word guessing seems to be unaffected.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
micro-fuzzier-unk
\family typewriter
(fuzz 0.65 0.6)
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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Diff
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
P
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
88%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.657
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.538
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.592
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
579
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.557
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.441
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.493
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
4236
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.501
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.458
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.478
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.479
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.461
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.470
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
100%
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.490
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.443
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.465
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</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Below is
\shape italic
micro-fizz-unk
\shape default
, which uses a cosine-cutoff of 0.75.
Comparing to
\shape italic
micro-fizz-unk
\shape default
with a cutoff of 0.65, it seems that precision is mostly unchanged.
Recall is sharply down, and so, for the most part, the F1 scores are down.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are two possible explanations for this difference:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The tighter discriminator results in narrower gram classes, which have trouble
hooking up into a good parse.
Here,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
narrower
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
means that each gram class has fewer disjuncts in it.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
The
\shape italic
micro-fizz-unk
\shape default
dictionary has fewer grammatical classes (115 vs 135), which, in addition
to each class being narrower, causes unknown word guessing to struggle.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Disentangling these effects is not obvious.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
micro-fizz-unk
\family typewriter
(fuzz 0.75 0.3)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sents
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Diff
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
P
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
R
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
90%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.665
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.562
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
579
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
98%
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.555
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.403
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.467
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<row>
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Here is for
\shape italic
micro-discrim-unk
\emph on
; it should be compared to
\emph default
micro-discrim
\emph on
, which uses the same algo and parameters, but doesn't have word-guessing
built in.
Changes to precision, recall and F1 are mixed, depending on the dataset.
It seems that unknown-word guessing didn't have much of an effect.
\end_layout
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Compared to
\emph on
micro-fuzz-unk
\emph default
, the change in precision is mixed, the recall is noticeably better, resulting
in better F1 scores overall.
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\emph on
discrim
\emph default
algo produces better data than the
\emph on
fuzz
\emph default
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Here is
\shape italic
micro-diss-unk
\shape default
.
It should be compared to two different dictionaries:
\shape italic
micro-discrim-unk
\emph on
, immediately above, which uses the same clustering algo, but a weaker cutoff,
also to
\emph default
micro-fuzz-unk
\emph on
, which uses a different clustering algo, but the same cutoff.
Note that when the cutoff is the same, both produce the same number of
grammatical classes (135, either way).
The looser cutoff produces fewer classes (124); presumably each class is
larger.
This does not resolve the question of whether it is the sharpness of the
classes that matter, or their raw number.
Perhaps these effects cannot be disentangled...
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Based on prelim incomplete numbers: the algo don't matter very much, the
discrim does.
\end_layout
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\begin_layout Standard
Here's
\emph on
micro-dissier
\emph default
-unk: it can be compared to the above, which uses a weaker cutoff, or to
\shape italic
micro-fizz-unk
\shape default
, which uses the same cutoff.
The sharper cutoff is having little effect on precision.
It is forcing down recall, and thus F1.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
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micro-dissier-unk
\family typewriter
(discrim 0.75)
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1832
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
92%
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.660
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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0.481
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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basic
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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579
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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98%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.559
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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0.406
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.471
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<row>
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
4236
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.493
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.417
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.451
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.464
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.421
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.442
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
100%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.487
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.405
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.442
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here's
\emph on
micro-dissiest-unk
\emph default
, with a sharp cutoff still.
Precision drops, recall drops, F1 drops.
Conclusion: it is quite possible to make the classes too narrow.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
micro-dissiest-unk
\family typewriter
(discrim 0.85)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sents
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Diff
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
P
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
R
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
93%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.666
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.441
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.531
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
579
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
98%
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.536
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.343
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.418
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
fixes
\end_layout
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
4236
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
97%
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.487
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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0.365
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.417
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\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
gold
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
229
\end_layout
\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
99%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.430
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.357
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.390
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\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
100%
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.462
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.339
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.391
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Below is
\shape italic
mini-fuzz-unk.
\shape default
It is to be compared to
\shape italic
micro-fuzz-unk
\shape default
, which uses the same parameters, but has a smaller vocabulary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
it appears that ...
mixed results ...
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
mini-fuzz-unk
\family typewriter
(fuzz 0.65 0.3)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Sents
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Diff
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
P
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
R
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
F1
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
87%
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.677
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\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.529
\end_layout
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</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.594
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</cell>
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
basic
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
579/529
\end_layout
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The basic corpus contains sentences that took excessive times to parse with
this dictionary; as a result, those sentences were skipped.
The second, smaller number indicates the number of setences that did not
time-out.
Compared to
\emph on
mini-discrim
\emph default
(same dictionary, but skipping sentences with unknown words), this is a
wash – precision is mostly lower, just a bit, recall is mostly higher,
just a bit, and F1 is about the same, varying.
Conclusion: unknown word guessing does not hurt, and sometimes helps.
Compared to
\emph on
micro-discrim-unk
\emph default
, (same algorithm applied to a much smaller dataset; both use unknown-word-guess
ing) this has a slightly better precision, slightly lower recall, and F1
is the same or slightly worse.
Apparently, unknown-word-guessing with a small vocabulary is pretty much
as good as that for a bigger vocabulary (and neither are terribly good).
So, increasing vocabulary size, in and of itself, does not offer any benefit,
with the algos as they currently stand.
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\begin_layout Subsection*
Cosine Redo
\end_layout
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It appears that there was a bug in the cosine calculations for all of the
datasets reported above.
The results below come from a re-do.
It appears to improve both precision and recall by a fair amount.
Since the change did not affect the overall number of classes found, this
would suggest that both the buggy and the revised dictionaries have clusters
with the same members, and that the primary reason for the score difference
is the differrent sigmoid! This is ...
remarkable.
\end_layout
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0.499
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\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Graphs
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Reading the above tables is hard.
It is easier to see what is going on with graphs.
Here.
The first figure shows precision as a function of dataset MI for three
of the corpora (there is some missing data, still coming in.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename mi-prec.eps
lyxscale 130
width 60col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The one below shows recall as a function of dataset MI.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename mi-recall.eps
lyxscale 130
width 60col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Finally, the reciprocal mean of the two, aka the F1-score.
Judging from the slope, its now clear that the loss in recall dominates
the gain in precision.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
filename mi-f1.eps
lyxscale 130
width 60col%
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Conclusions for Part I
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The following conclusions can be made for the above baseline measurements.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Taken as a proof-of-concept, the pipeline seems to work, and provides a
stable foundation for further research.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Tighter clustering only marginally improves precision, but sharply damages
recall.
Given a choice, looser clustering improves the overall coverage of the
dictionary.
In effect, the dictionary understand more, even if it doesn't understand
it quite as well.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The sigmoid taper decision used in the
\emph on
discrim
\emph default
merge algo, vs.
the
\emph on
fuzz
\emph default
algo seems to make an important improvement in quality.
Accidental tweaks seem to further improve scores.
This suggests that the manner of clustering has an important effect.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Larger dictionaries with larger vocabularies provide only mixed results.
The scores are roughly the same, which is surprising.
Tiny vocabularies with effective unknown-word guessing are mostly just
as good as larger vocabularies (with unknown word guessing).
This indicates that the current algos are not effectively extracting any
extra info from the larger vocabularies!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Unknown-word guessing by the parser appears to be an effective strategy
for broadening the coverage of the dictionary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
ULL Dictionary Measurements
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Same procedures as above, applied to the ULL dictionaries.
These are provided by Anton Kolonin and his crew, and are generated using
completely different software pipeline, described elsewhere.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Results presented below; this uses the same measuring techniques as above.
Each grammar is measured twice: once, by looking at all sentences; and
a second time, skipping sentences that contained words not in the dictionary.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These measurements indicate that two major breakthroughs have been made
in the ULL project.
These are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Results from the
\emph on
ull-lgeng
\emph default
dataset indicates that the ULL pipeline is a high-fidelity transducer of
grammars.
The grammar that is pushed in is the effectively the same as the grammar
that falls out.
If this can be reproduced for other grammars, e.g.
Stanford, McParseface or some HPSG grammar, then one has a reliable way
of tuning the pipeline.
After it is tuned to maximize fidelity on known grammars, then, when applied
to unknown grammars, it can be assumed to be working correctly, so that
whatever comes out must in fact be correct.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The relative lack of differences between the
\emph on
ull-dnn-mi
\emph default
and the
\emph on
ull-sequential
\emph default
datasets suggests that the accuracy of the so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
MST parse
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
is relatively unimportant.
Any parse, giving any results with better-than-random outputs can be used
to feed the pipeline.
What matters is that a lot of observation counts need to be accumulated
so that junky parses cancel each-other out, on average, while good ones
add up and occur with high frequency.
That is, if you want a good signal, then integrate long enough that the
noise cancels out.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A third item should be mentioned:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
It appears that the Project Gutenberg training corpus does not appear to
be a good sample of the English language.
When the learned dictionaries are applied to other corpora, the scores
are disastrously bad!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These are strong claims.
Lets look at the results justifying them.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
ULL Results
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The ULL team provided four dictionaries.
These are analyzed below.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Paragraph*
\series bold
ull-lgeng
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Based on LG-English parses: obtained from http://langlearn.singularitynet.io/data/
aglushchenko_parses/GCB-FULL-ALE-dILEd-2019-04-10/context:2_db-row:1_f1-col:11_p
a-col:6_word-space:discrete/
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
I believe that this dictionary was generated by replacing the MST step with
a parse where linkages are obtained from LG; these are then busted up back
into disjuncts.
This is an interesting test, because it validates the fidelity of the overall
pipeline.
It answers the question:
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
If I pump LG into the pipeline, do I get LG back out?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
and the answer seems to be
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
yes, it does!
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
This is good news, since it implies that the overall learning process does
keep grammars invariant.
That is, whatever grammar goes in, that is the grammar that comes out!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This is important, because it demonstrates that the apparatus is actually
working as designed, and is, in fact, capable of discovering grammar in
data! This suggests several ideas:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
First, verify that this really is the case, with a broader class of systems.
For example, start with the Stanford Parser, pump it through the system.
Then compare the output not to LG, but to Stanford parser.
Are the resulting linkages (the F1 scores) at 80% or better? Is the pipeline
preserving the Stanford Grammar? I'm guessing it does...
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The same, but with Parsey McParseface.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The same, but with some known-high-quality HPSG system.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
If the above two bullet points hold out, then this is a major breakthrough,
in that it solves a major problem.
The problem is that of evaluating the quality of the grammars generated
by the system.
To what should they be compared? If we input MST parses, there is no particular
reason to believe that they should correspond to LG grammars.
One might hope that they would, based, perhaps, on some a-priori hand-waving
about how most linguists agree about what the subject and object of a sentences
is.
One might in fact find that this does hold up to some fair degree, but
that is all.
Validating grammars is difficult, and seems
\emph on
ad hoc
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This result offers an alternative: don't validate the grammar; validate
the pipeline itself.
If the pipeline is found to be structure-preserving, then it is a good
pipeline.
If we want to improve or strengthen the pipeline, we know have a reliable
way of measuring, free of quibbles and argumentation: if it can transfer
an input grammar to an output grammar with high-fidelity, with low loss
and low noise, then it is a quality pipeline.
It instructs one how to tune a pipeline for quality: work with these known
grammars (LG/Stanford/McParse/HPSG) and fiddle with the pipeline, attempting
to maximize the scores.
Built the highest-fidelity, lowest-noise pipeline possible.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This allows one to move forward.
If one believes that probability and statistics are the correct way of
discerning reality, then that's it: if one has a high-fidelity corpus-to-gramma
r transducer, then whatever grammar falls out is necessarily, a priori a
correct grammar.
Statistics doesn't lie.
This is an important breakthrough for the project.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Lets now look at the actual data.
First, the results when all sentences are parsed, including those with
unknown words.
Since the ULL dictionaries take no special steps to treat unknown words,
the results are not terribly inspiring.
The precision for
\emph on
gold/silver
\emph default
is quite high: recall that
\emph on
gold/silver
\emph default
are based on a selection of Gutenberg texts, the same class as the training
set, and so high precision is commendable.
Recall suffers a bit, but F1 is passable.
When tested against corpora that are quite different from the training
set, its a bit of a disaster: recall drops through the floor.
It would seem that the
\emph on
basic/fixes
\emph default
corpora contain sentences that are very different than the Gutenberg texts.
This is unfortunate; it suggests that the Gutenberg texts do not provide
an adequate sample of the English language.
\end_layout
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93%
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The table above shows results when all sentences are tested; the table below
when sentences with unknown words are skipped.
Here, the picture brightens considerably! For
\emph on
gold/silver
\emph default
, the accuracy goes up, almost maxing out for
\emph on
gold
\emph default
.
The recall shoots way up as well, with the F1 scores on
\emph on
gold/silver
\emph default
being just fantastic! It is based on these two lines that the above claims
of a breakthrough are founded.
If this can be reproduces for Stanford/McParse/
\emph on
etc
\emph default
.
we're well on the way!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The table also emphasizes the incompleteness of the Gutenberg training set.
The recall scores for
\emph on
basic/fixes
\emph default
are a complete disaster.
Whatever is in that grammar, its not covering perfectly common 20th-century
English.
\end_layout
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Based on "sequential" parses: obtained from http://langlearn.singularitynet.io/dat
a/aglushchenko_parses/GCB-FULL-SEQ-dILEd-2019-05-16-94/GL_context:2_db-row:1_f1-
col:11_pa-col:6_word-space:discrete/
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I believe that this dictionary was generated by replacing the MST step with
a parse where there are links between neighboring words, and then extracting
disjuncts that way.
This is an interesting test, as it leverages the fact that most links really
are between neighboring words.
The sharp drawback is that it forces each word to have an arity of exactly
two, which is clearly incorrect.
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99%
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The table above shows results when all sentences are tested; the table below
when sentences with unknown words are skipped.
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\begin_layout Paragraph*
\series bold
ull-dnn-mi
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Based on "DNN-MI-lked MST-Parses": obtained from http://langlearn.singularitynet.i
o/data/aglushchenko_parses/GCB-GUCH-SUMABS-dILEd-2019-05-21-94/GL_context:2_db-r
ow:1_f1-col:11_pa-col:6_word-space:discrete/
\end_layout
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I believe that this dictionary was generated by using the standard MST parse
step, but using
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Bertram weights
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
derived from a neural net, instead of using word-pair MI scores.
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\align center
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\end_inset
The table above shows results when all sentences are tested; the table below
when sentences with unknown words are skipped.
It appears that precision is higher or sharply higher, depending on the
corpus (sharply higher for
\emph on
basic/fixes
\emph default
, which are dissimilar from the training set, but only a little higher for
\emph on
silver/gold
\emph default
, which are similar to the training set...) The effect on recall is the opposite:
recall is mixed for
\emph on
basic/fixes
\emph default
but sharply higher for
\emph on
silver/gold
\emph default
.
Conclude that testing with sets similar to the training sets does little
for precision, but a lot for recall.
Dis-similar test corpora flip the other way.
Overall, F1 is mostly higher.
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Comparing either of these to the
\emph on
ull-sequential
\emph default
dictionary indicates that precision is worse, recall is worse, and F1 is
worse.
This vindicates some statements I had made earlier: the quality of the
results at the MST-like step of the process matters relatively little for
the final outcome.
Almost anything that generates disjuncts with slightly-better-than-random
will do.
The key to learning is to accumulate many disjuncts: just as in radio signal
processing, or any kind of frequentist statistics, to integrate over a
large sample, hoping that the noise will cancel out, while the invariant
signal is repeatedly observed and boosted.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Paragraph*
\series bold
ull-mst-mi
\series default
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Based on "GCB-FULL-ANY-dILEd": obtained from http://langlearn.singularitynet.io/da
ta/aglushchenko_parses/GCB-FULL-ANY-dILEd-2019-05-09-94/GL_context:2_db-row:1_f1
-col:11_pa-col:6_word-space:discrete/
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
I believe that this dictionary was generated by using the standard MST parse
step, using standard word-pair MI.
\end_layout
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The table above shows results when all sentences are tested; the table below
when sentences with unknown words are skipped.
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\align center
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Neither look as good as the
\emph on
ull-dnn-mi
\emph default
dataset.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
Open Questions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are some things I do not understand about the ULL pipeline.
These are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
When the ULL pipeline clusters words together, what distance metric is used?
Cosine? Something else?
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
How are link types clustered? That is, how does ULL determine if two links
are similar, and belong in the same class? What metric is use? (Clustering
links is a distinct step from clustering words; for ULL, I think tehse
are somehow combined into one?)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
How are words merged into word-classes? I believe that when ULL decides
that two words are similar, a whole-sale merge all disjuncts into the word-clas
s is performed, without any attempt at setting aside the disjuncts that
"don't belong".
Is that right? (Disallowing the merger of disjuncts that "don't belong"
is the primary mechanism of WSD, so this is important to understand.)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Without a clear description of these, its hard to tell what, exactly, ULL
is doing.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Conclusions for Part II – ULL pipeline
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
There are several vitally important results gleaned from the ULL datasets.
These suggest a method for how to tune the language learning pipeline:
it should be tuned to maximize the fidelity of its action on known grammars.
That way, when applied to new, unknown grammars, it can be trusted to produce
good results.
A second conclusion is that the results are only weakly dependent on the
so-called
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
MST parse
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
.
Anything that gives reasonably decent results at this stage is good enough
to fish out a grammar.
A third conclusion was that the Project Gutenberg corpora do not provide
an adequate sample of modern English.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Contrasting to the Linas pipeline, one can also say:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The Linas pipeline seems to be producing dictionaries with better coverage
than the ULL dictionaries.
This is almost certainly due to only three factors: a training set that
is broader than just Gutenberg; a much larger training set, with probably
an order of magnitude (or two) more samples in it; the use of the unknown-word
mechanism.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Unknown-word guessing by the parser appears to be an effective strategy
for broadening the coverage of the dictionary; supporting this in the ULL
pipeline is surely a good idea!
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The Linas pipeline should be tuned in the fashion that the tuning breakthrough
suggests.
Without this, one is working blind.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Chapter
Info-theoretic Improvements
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "chap:Info-theoretic-Improvements"
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The results in Part 1 embodied several "known bugs", each of which needs
to be fixed.
These are:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Failure to use the Kullback-Liebler divergence instead of cosine distance.
I argued last summer about why KL is better than cosine distance, but my
own code base has yet to catch up with my theory.
All of the Part I dictionaries used cosine distance.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Failure to perform a fine-grained merge that distinguishes different word-senses.
The Part I merge algo was a quasi-linear merge that moved many/most of
the disjunct counts from a word into the word-class it was assigned to.
This has the unintended effect of blurring together distinct word-senses.
A more fine-grained merge would make this decision on a disjunct-by-disjunct
basis, deciding when a disjunct belongs, and when it doesn't.
Such an algo will be (when I get done writing it) a "binary optimization"
algo (That is, an "integer programming" algo with the integers restricted
to 0 or 1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_programming) The algo chooses,
on a disjunct-by-disjunct basis, whether that disjunct belongs to the given
word-sense, or not.
I think I have an OK algo for this that can run in linear time; written
up in the diary, but not yet converted into code.
This should improve WSD by a lot.
Maybe.
Hmmm...
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Failure to cluster link-types/connectors.
Part 1 used a brute-force combinatoric algo: if there was a link between
two words (even if that link was wrong), then a link between all word-classes
containing those words was created.
This is wrong in three different ways:
\end_layout
\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
It excessively generalizes ("blurs") the grammar, allowing two word-classes
to connect, just because some random error in the MST stage accidentally
connected two words.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Its wrong because it also blurs different word-senses: if a word belongs
to two or more word-classes, each will be connected to, thus allowing links
between word-senses that should have been disallowed.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Enumerate
Finally, it is the direct and immediate cause of the combinatoric explosions
that make parsing so terribly slow.
\end_layout
\end_deeper
\begin_layout Standard
Here in Part III, solutions to the problems above will be explored.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section
Info-based distances
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
These dictionaries are generated by using MI scores instead of cosines for
determining distances between words.
They use the same projective clustering as the earlier datasets.
These use a
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
sigmoid
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
taper; its not sigmoid in this case, but linear, running between 0% at
the MI cutoff and 100% at the lesser of the two self-MI's of the items
being merged.
All of these use the unknown-word mechanism.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The initial form of these dicts, where a connector is created for each distinct
word-class that a word belongs to cannot be measured.
The result is that there is a combinatoric explosion of expressions for
each word, leading to an even worse combinatoric overflow during parsing.
Here's a snapshot example from the
\emph on
micro-disinfo
\emph default
dictionary:
\begin_inset listings
inline false
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "the" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
the.54 2879150524 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
the.24 3397807 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "old" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
old.71 3568091 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "was" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
was.89 4809781 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
was.19 20761 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "on" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
on.68 3259929866 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
on.24 3397807 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
on.17 22768 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "his" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
his.24 3397807 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "shoulder" matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
shoulder.44 1274692269 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
shoulder.39 204008 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
shoulder.28 269503230 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
Token "." matches:
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
..81 509547141 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
..34 3730768318 disjuncts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Notice how
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
the
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
explodes into almost 3 billion disjuncts,
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
on
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
into more than 3 billion, and even a common noun like
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
shoulder
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
ends up with over a billion disjuncts.
Clearly, this is intolerable.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Therefore ....
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="7" columns="6">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top">
<row>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
micro-disinfo
\family typewriter
(disinfo 2.0)
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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Dataset
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text
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Sents
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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Diff
\end_layout
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P
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
R
\end_layout
\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text
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F1
\end_layout
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
CDS
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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1832
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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\end_inset
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
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<row>
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basic
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579
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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fixes
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4236
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\begin_inset Text
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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\begin_inset Text
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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
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gold
\end_layout
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229
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
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<row>
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\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
silver
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
2513
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\end_layout
\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace defskip
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Section*
The End
\end_layout
\end_body
\end_document